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真相来了丨“地震被压在废墟下的小男孩”居然是AI生成的_我的网站

A |     BARCELONA, Spain -- Barcelona accountant Oriol Calvo ran afoul of the law when he was arrested in 2019 during a mass protest by supporters of Catalonia's independence from Spain that turned violent. A court found him guilty of public disorder and of aggressive behavior toward a police officer — offenses he denies. The 25-year-old is among several thousand ordinary citizens who faced legal trouble for their often tiny part in Catalonia’s illegal secession bid that brought Spain to the brink of rupture six years ago.Now Calvo hopes his conviction and those of many others will be wiped clean if Spain’s acting prime minister, Pedro Sánchez, follows through and issues a sweeping amnesty for the separatists in exchange for their movement's political parties helping him form a new government in Madrid.Calvo's sentence of 18 months was suspended since it was his first offense, but it is still a stain on his record and has affected his willingness to participate in politics. He has stopped going to rallies for independence for fears that it could complicate his legal situation. He also felt betrayed.“I became very bitter,” Calvo said. “I felt betrayed by the justice system, but also I thought about all the efforts that the movement had made in the fight to achieve independence that had gotten us nowhere.”Sánchez, who has granted pardons to several leaders of the movement in the past, says that the amnesty will be positive for Spain because it will further reduce tensions inside Catalonia. Yet no one doubts that he is doing it only out of political necessity given how divisive the Catalan independence movement is both inside Catalonia and the rest of Spain.A national election in July left no party close to an absolute majority and with Sánchez in need of the support of several smaller parties to stay in power. Those include two pro-secession Catalan parties who led the unsuccessful 2017 breakaway attempt and who now find themselves holding the key votes in Parliament that Sánchez requires. Given the chance to play kingmaker, the two separatist parties are using their leverage. They have made an amnesty law as a prerequisite for supporting Sánchez.The clock is already ticking. Sánchez has until Nov. 27 to form a government, otherwise new elections will be triggered for January.Sánchez and his center-left Socialist party have tried to keep as quiet as possible on the amnesty question, but the leader has acknowledged that talks are on-going with the Catalan parties, including one led by the fugitive former regional leader of Catalonia, Carles Puigdemont, who fled Spain for Belgium after his dream to carve out a new state in northeast Spain collapsed.Spain’s courts are still trying to have Puigdemont extradited. Given that Puigdemont is considered an enemy of the state for many Spaniards, any deal that could benefit him is politically toxic.Tens of thousands of people rallied in downtown Barcelona on Oct. 8 against a possible amnesty in a sign of the danger that Sánchez runs.An amnesty "would be shameful because Spain can’t be governed by people who want to split from the country,” said 23-year-old Pablo Seco, an aeronautical engineer who attended the rally.For Montserrat Nebrera, professor of constitutional law at the International University of Catalonia, the negotiations between Sánchez and the separatist leaders are a “hall of mirrors” wherein both sides try to appear that they have the upper hand, when in reality they need one another.“Pedro Sánchez needs the amnesty law to pass so he can get the four votes he is lacking,” Nebrera told the AP. “The secessionists, however, also need to show their people that they are not only interested in saving the necks of their leaders ... but also of the people who disobeyed authorities or damaged public property and whose punishments, while not huge, have greatly complicated their lives.”Spain’s conservative party, which lost a bid to form a government last month, is already bashing Sánchez for what it describes as selling Spain out to stay in power. Former Socialist prime minister Felipe González has also said that the amnesty is not merited.Spain granted a sweeping amnesty during its transition back to democracy following the death of dictator Francisco Franco in 1975. But legal experts are divided over the constitutionality of an amnesty for the Catalan separatists.The pro-independence Catalan organization Omnium Cultural says that an amnesty should benefit some 4,400 more people, mostly minor officials and ordinary citizens who either helped to organize an illegal 2017 referendum or participated, like Calvo, in protests that turned ugly.But Omnium and the two Catalan separatist parties say they want much more than just a clean slate for people in trouble with the law: they want the terms of the amnesty to establish a legal pretext for Catalonia eventually holding a binding, authorized referendum on independence.“For us, the amnesty is not the solution to the conflict, it is the starting point from which the conflict can begin to be resolved,” said Xavier Antich, president of Omnium Cultural.That going-for-broke position, however, may run the risk of wrecking the whole operation, as well as leaving people like Calvo in the lurch.“They have already tried to have a referendum authorized and it has not worked,” Calvo said. “So I believe that trying to force something that we know isn’t going to happen is useless and could derail the amnesty talks.”___Videojournalist Hernán Muñoz contributed to this report.。    1月7日9时许，西藏日喀则市定日县发生的6.8级地震，牵动着大家的心。但与此同时，一些网友为了博取流量制造关于震区的不实信息，在网络上公然传播，对公众造成误导。其中，有一张“被压在废墟下的小男孩”的图片在网上引发了广泛关注。图片中，一名戴帽子的小男孩被压在倒塌的废墟之下，全身铺满尘埃。不少网友被图片视频误导，纷纷在留言区关注男孩的生命安全。而实际上这张照片是由AI生成的。究竟怎么一回事？来看记者的调查。

B | 视频加载中...记者采访AI图片创作者还原事情真相图片中，一名戴帽子的小男孩被压在倒塌的废墟下，全身铺满尘埃。

C | 但记者注意到，有不少网友被图片视频造成误导，并在留言区关注男孩的生命安全。有网友留言称，“有小孩被压还不赶紧抢救”，有人表示“心都碎了”……而实际上，这张图片是由AI生成，图中孩子的左手显示为六根手指。记者联系到该AI图片的创作者何先生，对方给记者提供了原始版的AI生成视频，短视频截图显示，这段视频在去年11月发布，并非本次西藏地震期间发布。当事人：有自媒体涉嫌盗用AI生成素材何先生告诉记者，自己创作这段AI图片和视频的起因，是看到加沙战争地区的孩子家园遭到破坏、流离失所，希望通过视频传递和平愿望。

D | 但他没有想到，自己发布在短视频平台上的素材遭到他人盗用，并和西藏地震进行了关联。“被压废墟下的小男孩”AI视频创作者 何先生：创作的原因是看到国外有战争，为了反映战争废墟下孩子们的生存环境。

E | 我不是为了拿它来宣传、造谣，但这个网络搬运内容的事情很恶劣。

F | 现在我在所有平台把作品的下载功能都关闭了，就是为了防止别人盗走视频。

G | “假图”关联真实事件 违背社会公序良俗地震救援现场牵动着全社会，而没承想，何先生去年11月发布的视频被人移花接木，将此次地震相关的信息肆意拼凑，这种用灾难博取流量的行为，令人愤慨。有法律人士表示，用“假图”关联真实事件的行为违背了社会公序良俗，有扰乱社会秩序之嫌，将面临法律处罚。中国慈善联合会法律顾问 张凌霄：自媒体是盗用了别人的AI制品，在抗震救灾突发事件当中来博取眼球，吸引流量，构成治安管理处罚，严重的会构成犯罪。

H | 同时因为它利用了救灾的心理，是违反社会的公序良俗和道德最基本的要求。

I | 律师 张晓玲：根据相关法律法规，编造虚假的险情、疫情、灾情、警情，在信息网络或者其他媒体上传播，或者明知是上述虚假信息，故意在信息网络或者其他媒体上传播，严重扰乱社会秩序的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制；造成严重后果的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。软件30秒“编造”地震报道 未标注AI生成记者也试着用了一款剪辑软件，只用30秒就生成了一则所谓的“地震报道”。记者在一款用户量庞大的剪辑软件中，使用其提供的AI视频生成功能，输入一句关于小女孩在地震中被救出的文字描述，不到30秒钟，软件就生成了一段20秒左右的视频，并提供画外音解说。

J | 视频中并未标注“AI生成”字样，软件也没有要求用户添加这样的标识。而在引发大量关注的“被压废墟下的小男孩”图片和视频中，创作者何先生也告诉记者，AI软件没有强制要求标注“AI生成”字样，是自己在视频上方添加了水印，但后来被盗用者删掉了水印。有人工智能研究者表示，目前亟须建立统一的规范要求，避免AI以假乱真。

K | 吉林大学人工智能学院院长 宋轩：无论是我们个人上传的相关的由AI生成的视频或者图像，还是由软件包括平台发布的等等相关的AI生成的内容，我觉得必须遵守披露和声明原则。所有的内容如果是由AI生成的，无论是在生成的过程中，还是上传的过程中，需要进行声明和披露，就是要明确标注出来，说这个内容是由AI生成的。我觉得对于个人用户，这也是我们在使用AI的过程中应该遵守的一个基本原则，一个道德准则。AI软件生成的内容是否需要主动标注？那么，由AI软件生成的图片和视频，究竟该不该主动标注由AI生成？去年9月，国家互联网信息办公室发布关于《人工智能生成合成内容标识办法（征求意见稿）》，其中提到： 在图片的适当位置添加显著的提示标识；在视频起始画面和视频播放周边的适当位置添加显著的提示标识，可在视频末尾和中间适当位置添加显著的提示标识。而在此次新闻事件中记者发现，原本AI视频的发布者标注了AI生成，而在他人盗用过程中，却对AI生成的标注信息进行了模糊，从而误导了受众。平台加强监管 AI时代守好信息真实底线除了AI生成软件和生成者要肩负起自己的责任，专家指出，还要在监管方面，发展AI技术来破解、识别AI造谣；相关的立法、执法也需要加强，并在全社会要加强相关人员的教育和科普工作，让公众的辨别力更高。中国人民大学新闻与社会发展中心研究员 曾持：“生成式AI”的拼接本质和谣言有很强的亲近性，二者都属于“无中生有”——创造看起来真实合理的信息。AI让造谣更加简单和“科学”了，因为AI会根据热点事件总结规律、拼接情节，很快就能制作出符合人们“期待”的谣言，让传播更加迅速。专家也指出，目前，平台审核机制存在一定滞后性，未能及时有效识别AI虚构图片，对自媒体账号发布内容监管不力，特别是在涉及灾害等敏感话题时，更应加强审核力度。未来需要利用技术手段、人工审核等多方式加强对地震等突发信息的管控。律师 张晓玲：平台应该改进审核机制，提高审核效率，并使用更加直观有效的提示方式，避免虚假信息的传播。中国人民大学新闻与社会发展中心研究员 曾持：在现在的技术情况下，平台只能事后惩罚。但是现代社会的传播速度又太快了，造成的影响太迅速，所以很难在源头上根治AI造谣的影响。我觉得将来监管要从两个方向努力： 第一是要让人们认识到，不管是通过AI，还是通过其他工具手段技术，造谣宣传假新闻都是违法犯罪的行为；第二是将来AI技术要跟平台更紧密地联系在一起，平台要能根据AI新工具，来反向识别由AI拼造的假图片和假新闻。责任编辑：赵羽祺。

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